Computer Organization and Architecture Edition 11th Chapter 11 Answer

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 11th Computer Science Guide Pdf Chapter 3 Computer Organization Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Computer Science Solutions Chapter 3 Computer Organization

11th Computer Science Guide Computer Organization Text Book Questions and Answers

Part I

I. Choose the correct, answer :

Question 1.
Which of the following is said to be the brain of a computer?
a) Input devices
b) Output devices
c) Memory device
d) Microprocessor
Answer:
d) Microprocessor

Question 2.
Which of the following is not the part of a microprocessor unit?
a) ALU
b) Control unit
c) Cache memory
d) register
Answer:
c) Cache memory

Question 3.
How many bits constitute a word?
a) 8
b) 16
c) 32
d) determined by the processor used
Answer:
d) determined by the processor used

Question 4.
Which of the following device identifies the location when address is placed in the memory address register?
a) Locator
b) encoder
c) decoder
d) multiplexer
Answer:
c) decoder

Question 5.
Which of the following is a CISC processor?
a) Intel P6
b) AMD K6
c) Pentium III
d) Pentium IV
Answer:
c) Pentium III

Question 6.
Which is the fastest memory?
a) Hard disk
b) Main memory
c) Cache memory
d) Blue-Ray dist
Answer:
c) Cache memory

Question 7.
How many memory locations are identified by a processor with 8 bits address bus at a time?
a) 8
b) 16
c) 32
d)
Answer:
c) determined by the processor used

Question 8.
What is tW? capacity of 12 cm diameter DVD with single bided and single layer?
a) 4.7 GB
b) 5.5 GB
c) 7.8 GB
d) 2.2 GB
Answer:
a) 4.7 GB

Question 9.
What is the smallest size of data represented in a CD?
a) blocks
b) sectors
c) pits
d) tracks
Answer:
c) pits

Question 10.
Display devices are connected to the computer through.
a) USB port
b) Ps/2 port
c) SCSI port
d) VGA connector
Answer:
d) VGA connector

Part II

Short Answers

Question 1.
What are the parameters which influence the characteristics of a microprocessor?
Answer:
It depends on (a) Clock speed (b) Instruction set (c) Word size

Question 2.
What is an instruction?
A command which is given to a computer to perform an operation on data is called an instruction.

Question 3.
What is a program counter?
Answer:
A program counter (PC) is a CPU register in the computer processor which has the address of the next instruction to be executed from memory. It is a digital counter needed for faster execution of tasks as well as for tracking the current execution point.

Question 4.
What is HDMI?
Answer:
High-Definition Multimedia Interface is an audio/ video interface which transfers the uncompressed video and audio data from a video controller to a compatible computer monitor, LCD projector, digital television, etc.

Question 5.
Which source is used to erase the content of an EPROM?
Answer:
Ultra violet rays are used to erase the contents of EPROM. EPROM retains its contents until it is exposed to ultraviolet light. The ultraviolet light clears its contents making it possible to reprogram the memory.

Part III

Explain in brief.

Question 1.
Differentiate Computer Organization from Computer Architecture.
Answer:
Differences between computer organization and Computer Architecture:
Computer Organisation:

• Often called microarchitecture (low level).
• Transparent from programmer
• For example a programmer does not worry much about how addition is implemented in hardware
• Physical components (Circuit design. Adders, Signals, Peripherals).

Computer Architecture:

• Computer architecture (a bit higher level)
• Programmer view file. The programmer has to be aware of which instruction set used)
• Logic (Instruction set, Addressing modes, Data types, Cache optimization)

Question 2.
Classify the microprocessor-based on the size of the data.
Answer:
Depending on the data width, microprocessors can process instructions. The microprocessors can be classified as follows:

• 8-bit microprocessor
• 16-bit microprocessor
• 32-bit microprocessor
• 64-bit microprocessor

Question 3.
Write down the classifications of microprocessors based on the instruction set.
Answer:
Classification of Microprocessor-based on the Instruction set:

1. RISC- Reduced Instruction Set Computers.
2. CISC- Complex Instruction set Computers.

Question 4.
Differentiate PROM arid EPROM.
Answer:
An EPROM differs from a PROM. PROM can be written only once and cannot be erased. EPROMs are used widely in personal computers because they enable the manufacturer to change the contents of the PROM to replace with updated versions or erase the contents before the computer is delivered.

Question 5.
Write down the interfaces and ports available In a computer.
Answer:
Interfaces are HDMI interface port, USB 3.0 port, Ports available in the computer: Serial Port. Parallel port, USB ports, VGA connector. Audio plugs, PS/2 port, SCSI Port.

Question 6.
Differentiate CD and DVD.
Answer:

CD-ROM	DVD-ROM
Compact Disk Read Only Memory	Digital Versatile Disc Read-Only Memory
The capacity of an ordinary CD- ROM is 700MB.	Single-layer has capable of storing up to 4.7 GB of data, more than six times what a CD can hold. The double-layer has an 8.5 GB capacity.
Data Transfer rate 1.4 to 1.6 MB/sec	Data Transfer rate 11 MB/Sec
Pits length is 0.83 Micron	Pits length is 0.4 Micron
The distance between the disc surface and data surface is 1.1 mm	The distance between the disc surface and data surface is 0.6 mm
It can not play DVDs	It can play CDs also

Question 7.
How will you differentiate a flash memory and an EEPROM?
Answer:

Flash Memory	EEPROM
It offers fast access times.	It offers lower access time
The capacity of the flash memories varies from 1 Gigabyte (GB) to 2 Terabytes (TB).	EEPROM with Megabyte capacity is available.
It offers between 100 and 1000 rewrites in 78K	EEPROM usually guarantees at least 100,000 rewrites

Part IV

Explain in detail

Question 1.
Explain the characteristics of a microprocessor.
Answer:
(a) Clock speed – Each microprocessor has an internal clock that regulates the speed at which it executes instructions. The speed at which the microprocessor executes instructions is called clock speed. It is measured in MHz or in GHz.

(b) Instructions set – The set of machine-level instructions that a microprocessor is designed to execute is called an instruction set. This carries 4 types of operations. They are

• Data transfer
• Arithmetic operations
• Logical Operations
• Control flow
• Input/output

(c) Word size – The number of bits that can be processed by a processor in a single instruction is called its word size. It determines the amount of RAM that can be accessed at one time and the total number of pins on the microprocessor. The total number of input and output pins in turn determines the architecture of the microprocessor.

Question 2.
Hew the read and write operations are performed by a processor? Explain.
Answer:
The Central Processing Unit(CPU) has a Memory Data Register (MDR) and a Memory Address Register (MAR). The Memory Data Ster (MDR) keeps the data which is transferred between the memory and the CPU.

The Program Counter (PC) is a special register in the CPU which always keeps the address of the instruction to be executed. The Arithmetic [Logic unit of CPU places the address of the |ory to be fetched, into the Memory Address.

A bus is a collection of wires used for communication between the internal components of the computer. The address bus is used to point to a memory location. A decoder, a digital circuit is used to point to the specific memory location where the word can be located.

The address register is connected with the address bus, which provides the address of the instruction. A data bus is used to transfer data between the memory and the CPU. The data bus is bidirectional and the address builds unidirectional.

The control bus controls both read and write operations. The read operation fetches data from memory and transfers to MDR. A single control line performs two operations like Read/Write using 1 or Also, the write operation transfers data from the MDR to memory. This organization is shown in the following Figure.

If the size of the MDR is eight bits, which can be connected with a word in the memory which is also eight bits size. The data bus has eight parallel wires to transfer data either from MDR to word or word to MDR based on the control(Read or write). This control line is labeled as R/W, which becomes 1 means READ operation and 0 means WRITE operation.

The read operation transfers the data(bits) from word to Memory Data Register. The write operation transfers the data(bits) from Memory Data Register to the word.

Question 3.
Arrange the memory devices ¡n ascending order based on the access time.
Answer:
Different memory devices are arranged according to the capacity, speed, and cost as shown in the following Figure.

The memory devices in ascending order based on the access time:

• Hard disk
• Main memory (RAM)
• Cache memory

Question 4.
Explain the types of ROM.
Answer:
Read-Only Memory (ROM):

1. Read-Only Memory refers to special memory in a computer with pre-recorded data at manufacturing time that cannot be modified.
2. The stored programs that start the computer and perform diagnostics are available in ROMs. ROM stores critical programs such as the program that boots the computer.
3. Once the data has been written onto a ROM chip, it cannot be modified or removed and can only be read.
4. ROM retains its contents even when the computer is turned off. So, ROM is called non-volatile memory.

Programmable Read-Only Memory (PROM):

1. Programmable read-only memory is also a non-volatile memory on which data can be written only once. Once a program has been written onto a PROM, it remains there forever.
2. Unlike the main memory, PROMs retain their contents even when the computer is turned off.
3. The PROM differs from ROM. PROM is manufactured as blank memory, whereas a ROM is programmed during the manufacturing process itself.
4. A PROM programmer or a PROM burner is used to write data to a PROM chip. The process of programming a PROM is called burning the PROM.

Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM):

1. Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory is a special type of memory which serves as a PROM, but the content can be erased using ultraviolet rays.
2. EPROM retains its contents until it is exposed to ultraviolet light. The ultraviolet light clears its contents, making it possible to reprogram the memory.
3. An EPROM differs from a PROM, PROM can be written only once and cannot be erased.
4. EPROMs are used widely in personal computers because they enable the manufacturer to change the contents of the PROM to replace with updated versions or erase the contents before the computer is delivered.

Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM):

1. Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory is a special type of PROM that can be erased by exposing it to an electrical charge.
2. Like other types of PROM, EEPROM retains its contents even when the power is turned off.
3. Comparing with all other types of ROM, EEPROM is slower in performance.

11th Computer Science Guide Computer Organization Additional Questions and Answers

Part I

I. Choose the correct, answer.

Question 1.
The ………………. is the major component of a computer, which performs all taks.
(a) CPU
(b) MDR
(c) MAR
(d) RISC
Answer:
(a) CPU

Question 2.
Computer organization includes __________
a) Input / Output devices
b) Central Processing Unit
c) storage devices and primary memory
d) All the above
Answer:
d) All the above

Question 3.
The number of bits that can be processed by a processor in a single instruction is called ……………….
(a) word size
(b) CPU
(c) Data transfer
(d) CISC
Answer:
(a) word size

Question 4.
__________ deals with the hardware components that are transparent to the programmer.
a) Computer organization
b) Computer architecture
c) Computer Science
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Computer organization

Question 5.
………………. is a magnetic disk on which you can store data.
(a) compact disc
(b) hard disk
(c) DVD
(d) flash memory devices
Answer:
(b) hard disk

Question 6.
In a computer, __________ performs all tasks.
a) ALU
b) CPU
c) Input devices
d) All the above
Answer:
b) CPU

Question 7.
………………. connect the hard disk drives and network connectors.
(a) PS/2 port
(b) SCSI port
(c) USB port
(d) serial port
Answer:
(b) SCSI port

Question 8.
The first general-purpose microprocessor, 4004 was developed by __________
a) Intel Inc
b) Apple Inc
c) BBC Micro
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Intel Inc

Question 9.
The microprocessors were first introduced in early ……………….
(a) 1976
(b) 1975
(c) 1970
(d) 1978
Answer:
(c) 1970

Question 10.
__________ is driven by clock pulses,
a) Transistor
b) Vacuum tube
c) Microprocessor
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Microprocessor

Question 11.
Which one of the following deals with hardware components of a computer system.
(a) Computer organisation
(b) Computer architecture
(c) System software
(d) Application software
Answer:
(a) Computer organisation

Question 12.
__________ is the main unit of a microprocessor.
a) ALU
b) registers
c) control unit
d) All the above
Answer:
d) All the above

Question 13.
The first general-purpose microprocessor was ……………….
(a) IBM 2002
(b) IBM 1620
(c) Intel 4004
(d) Intel 4002
Answer:
(c) Intel 4004

Question 14.
_________ control the overall operations of the computer through signals.
a) ALU
b) registers
c) control unit
d) All the above
Answer:
c) control unit

Question 15.
Which of the following temporarily holds the instructions and data for the execution of the processor.
(a) ALU
(b) CU
(c) Registers
(d) RAM
Answer:
(c) Registers

Question 16.
The __________is able to communicate with the memory units and the Input / Output devices.
a) transistor
b) vacuum tube
c) microprocessor
d) None of these
Answer:
c) microprocessor

Question 17.
The system bus is a collection of ……………….
(a) address bus
(b) data bus
(c) control bus
(d) all of these
Answer:
(d) all of these

Question 19.
MHz arid GHz are the units of ……………….
(a) clock speed
(b) instruction set
(c) Word size
(d) system bus
Answer:
(a) clock speed

Question 19.
A Microprocessor's performance depends on the __________ characteristic.
a) Clock speed
b) Instruction set
c) Word size
d) All the above
Answer:
d) All the above

Question 20.
Hertz – abbreviated as __________.
a) Hz
b) Htz
c) Hrz
d) Hez
Answer:
a) Hz

Question 21.
One hertz is equal to ………………. cycles per second.
(a) 1
(b) 10
(c) 2
(d) 20
Answer:
(a) 1

Question 22.
Hertz is commonly used to measure __________wave frequency.
a) sound waves
b) light waves
c) radio waves
d) all the above
Answer:
d) all the above

Question 23.
The architecture of the microprocessor is determined by ……………….
(a) total no. of input and output pins
(b) clock speed
(c) word size
(d) instruction set
Answer:
(a) total no. of input and output pins

Question 24.
Sound waves close to 20 Hz have a low pitch and are called __________ frequencies.
a) treble
b) bass
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
b) bass

Question 25.
Intel 8085 is a ………………. bit processor.
(a) 8
(b) 16
(c) 32
(d) 64
Answer:
(a) 8

Question 26.
__________is also used to measure the speed of computer processors.
a) Hours
b) Seconds
c) Bytes
d) Hertz
Answer:
d) Hertz

Question 27.
Which bus is unidirectional?
(a) Control
(b) System
(c) Data
(d) Address
Answer:
(d) Address

Question 28.
__________indicates how many instruction cycles the processor can perform in every second.
a) clock speed
b) bus speed
c) wave speed
d) None of these
Answer:
a) clock speed

Question 29.
How many classifications of microprocessors are there based on data width?
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5
Answer:
(c) 4

Question 30.
The clock speeds are typically measured in __________
a) megahertz
b) gigahertz
c) megahertz or gigahertz
d) None of these
Answer:
c) megahertz or gigahertz

Question 31.
Which one of the following is not a CISC processor?
(a) Pentium II
(b) Pentium III
(c) Pentium IV
(d) Pentium
Answer:
(c) Pentium IV

Question 32.
The speed at which the microprocessor executes instructions is called the __________
a) cycle speed
b) clock speed
c) transfer rate
d) None of these
Answer:
b) clock speed

Question 33.
Which of the following needs refreshing very often?
(a) ROM
(b) Static RAM
(c) Dynamic RAM
(d) EPROM
Answer:
(c) Dynamic RAM

Question 34.
Basic set of machine level instructions that a microprocessor is designed to execute is called as a(n) __________ .
a) algorithm
b) pseudo-code
c) code
d) instruction set
Answer:
d) instruction set

Question 35.
Identify the wrong statement.
(i) Dynamic RAM has to be refreshed frequently.
(ii) SRAM is faster.
(iii) SRAM is cheap.
(iv) SRAM is to be refreshed less often.
(a) (iv)
(b) (iii)
(c) (ii)
(d) (i)
Answer:
(b) (iii)

Question 36.
The number of bits that can be processed by a processor in a single instruction is called its __________
a) word size
b) clock speed
c) program execution
d) None of these
Answer:
a) word size

Question 37.
CD data represented as tiny indentations are called ………………….
(a) tracks
(b) sectors
(c) stacks
(d) pits
Answer:
(d) pits

Question 38.
Total number of __________pins determines the architecture of the microprocessor.
a) input
b) output
c) input and output
d) None of these
Answer:
c) input and output

Question 39.
A 12 cm diameter DVD with a single-sided, single-layer has the storage capacity of ………………….
(a) 4.7 GB
(b) 8.7 GB
(c) 8.5 GB
(d) 1.5 GB
Answer:
(a) 4.7 GB

Question 40.
The microprocessor Intel 4004 is a __________bit processor.
a) 32
b) 16
c) 8
d) 4
Answer:
d) 4

Question 41.
Which type of disc is used for playing High-Definition movies?
(a) CD
(b) DVD
(c) Flash Devices
(d) Blu – Ray Disc
Answer:
(d) Blu – Ray Disc

Question 42.
A microprocessor which consists of 4 input pins and 4 output pins can process __________ bit at a time.
a) 32
b) 16
c) 8
d) 4
Answer:
d) 4

Question 43.
Blu – ray uses a …………………. laser to write data.
(a) red
(b) green
(c) blue – violet
(d) violet
Answer:
(c) blue – violet

Question 44.
Intel 8085 is a(n) __________bit processor.
a) 32
b) 16
c) 8
d) 4
Answer:
c) 8

Question 45.
Intel 8086 is a(n) __________bit processor.
a) 32
b) 16
c) 8
d) 4
Answer:
b) 16

Question 46.
Which port is used for the LCD projector?
(a) SCSI
(6) PS/2
(c) Audio
(d) VGA port
Answer:
(d) VGA port

Question 47.
The CPU has a __________.
a) MDR
b) MAR
c) MDR and MAR
d) None of these
Answer:
c) MDR and MAR

Question 48.
Which one of the following uses a magnetic disk to store the data?
(a) DVD
(b) HD
(c) CD
(d) FD
Answer:
(b) HD

Question 49.
MAR stands for __________
a) Memory Access Register
b) Memory Accumulator Register
c) Memory Assign Register
d) Memory Address Register
Answer:
d) Memory Address Register

Question 50.
Which of the following interface transfers the uncompressed audio and video data to monitor, projector?
(a) CD
(b) DVD
(c) HDMI
(d) FDD
Answer:
(c) HDMI

Question 51.
__________is a special register in the CPU which always keeps the address of the next instruction to be executed.
a) Page counter
b) Program counter
c) Program cycle
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Program counter

Question 52.
The __________places the address of the memory to be fetched, into the Memory Address Register,
a) Control unit
b) Arithmetic and Logic unit
c) Memory unit
d) All the above
Answer:
b) Arithmetic and Logic unit

Question 53.
A __________is a collection of wires used for communication between the internal components of a computer.
a) driver
b) microprocessor
c) cable
d) bus
Answer:
d) bus

Question 54.
The __________ bus is used to point a memory location.
a) data
b) address
c) both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
b) address

Question 55.
A digital circuit is used to point to the specific memory location where the word can be located is called a __________.
a) decoder
b) encoder
c) locator
d) pointer
Answer:
a) decoder

Question 56.
A __________bus is used to transfer data between the memory and the CPU.
a) address
b) data
c) instruction
d) word
Answer:
b) data

Question 57.
The __________bus is bidirectional.
a) address
b) data
c) instruction
d) control
Answer:
b) data

Question 58.
The __________bus is unidirectional.
a) address
b) data
c) instruction
d) control
Answer:
a) address

Question 59.
The __________bus controls both read and write operations.
a) address
b) data
c) instruction
d) control
Answer:
d) control

Question 60.
The __________operation fetches data from memory and transfers to MDR.
a) write
b) read
c) input/output
d) None of these
Answer:
b) read

Question 61.
The __________operation transfers data from the MDR to memory.
a) write
b) read
c) input/output
d) None of these
Answer:
a) write

Question 62.
The word in the __________has the same size (no. of bits) as the Memory Data Register (MDR).
a) ROM
b) RAM
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
b) RAM

Question 63.
If the processor is an 8-bit processor like Intel 8085, it's MDR and the word in the RAM both have __________
a) 4 bits each
b) 8 bits
c) 16 bits
d) None of these
Answer:
b) 8 bits

Question 64.
The microprocessors can be classified based on the __________criteria.
a) width of data that can be processed
b) instruction set
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Both A and B

Question 65.
__________is one of the microprocessors
classifications.
a) 8/16 bit microprocessor
b) 32-bit microprocessor
c) 64-bit microprocessor
d) All the above
Answer:
b) 32 bit microprocessor

Question 66.
__________ is classification of Microprocessors based on Instruction Set.
a) RISC
b) CISC
c) both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
c) both A and B

Question 67.
RISC stands for __________
a) Random Instruction Set Computers
b) Rich Instruction Set Computers
c) Reduced Instruction Sequence Computers
d) Reduced Instruction Set Computers
Answer:
d) Reduced Instruction Set Computers

Question 68.
CISC stands for __________
a) Complex Instruction Set Computers
b) Compulsory Instruction Set Computers
c) Common Instruction Sequence Computers
d) Critical Instruction Set Computers
Answer:
a) Complex Instruction Set Computers

Question 69.
Identify the True statement from the following.
a) RISC processors have a small set of highly optimized instructions.
b) Computers supporting CISC can accomplish a wide variety of tasks, making them ideal for personal computers.
c) Computer memory is the storage space in the computer, where data and instructions are stored)
d) All the above
Answer:
d) All the above

Question 70.
__________is a RISC processor.
a) Pentium IV
b) Intel P6 and AMD K6
c) K7
d) All the above
Answer:
d) All the above

Question 71.
__________ is a CISC processor.
a) Intel 386 & 486
b) Pentium II and III
c) Motorola 68000
d) All the above
Answer:
d) All the above

Question 72.
A __________ is just like a human brain.
a) memory
b) processor
c) bus
d) none of these
Answer:
a) memory

Question 73.
__________ is used to store data and instructions.
a) memory
b) processor
c) bus
d) None of these
Answer:
a) memory

Question 74.
There are __________ types of accessing
methods to access the memory.
a) four
b) three
c) two
d) None of these
Answer:
c) two

Question 75.
__________ is the memory operation.
a) read
b) write
c) read and write
d) None of these
Answer:
c) read and write

Question 76.
__________ is a memory accessing method.
a) sequential
b) random
c) both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
c) both A and B

Question 77.
In __________ access, the memory is accessed in an orderly manner from start to end.
a) sequential
b) random
c) both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
a) sequential

Question 78.
In __________ access, any byte of memory can be accessed directly without navigating through previous bytes.
a) sequential
b) random
c) both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
b) random

Question 79.
The main memory is otherwise called __________
a) ROM
b) RAM
c) storage device
d) None of these
Answer:
b) RAM

Question 80.
RAM is available in computers in the form of
a) integrated circuits
b) internal circuits
c) information circuits
d) None of these
Answer:
a) integrated circuits

Question 81.
The Operating System, Application Programs and the data in current use are kept in
a) ROM
b) EPROM
c) DVD
d) RAM
Answer:
d) RAM

Question 82.
The processor can access data and program available in
a) ROM
b) EPROM
c) DVD
d) RAM
Answer:
d) RAM

Question 83.
The smallest unit of information that can be stored in the memory is called as a
a) Byte
b) Bit
c) Nibble
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Bit

Question 84.
The memory can be accessed by a collection of 8 bits which is called as a
a) Byte
b) Bit
c) Nibble
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Byte

Question 85.
1 megabyte of memory, then it can store characters.
a) 10,48,576
b) 12,48,576
c) 10,24,576
d) 10,48,286
Answer:
a) 10,48,576

Question 86.
1 megabyte of memory, then it can store ___________ of information.
a) 10,48,576 bytes
b) 10,48,576 bits
c) 10,24,576 bytes
d) 10,48,286 bytes
Answer:
a) 10,48,576 bytes

Question 87.
_______________ is a volatile memory.
a) ROM
b) EPROM
c) RAM
d) CD-ROM
Answer:
c) RAM

Question 88.
The information stored in is not
permanent.
a) ROM
b) EPROM
c) RAM
d) CD-ROM
Answer:
c) RAM

Question 89.
As soon as the power is turned off, whatever data that resides in ________is lost.
a) ROM
b) EPROM
c) RAM
d) CD-ROM
Answer:
c) RAM

Question 90.
___________ allows operations. both read and write
a) ROM
b) RAM
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
b) RAM

Question 91.
There are_________basic types of RAM.
a) 2
b) 3
C) 4
d) More than 4
Answer:
a) 2

Question 92.
_______ is a type of RAM.
a) SRAM
b) DRAM
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Both A and B

Question 93.
SRAM means ,_______
a) Static RAM
b) Simple RAM
c) Serial RAM
d) Sensitive RAM
Answer:
a) Static RAM

Question 94.
DRAM means
a) Dynamic RAM
b) Dual RAM
c) Digital RAM
d) Discrete RAM
Answer:
a) Dynamic RAM

Question 95.
________ RAM being a common type needs to be refreshed frequently.
a) SRAM
b) DRAM
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
b) DRAM

Question 96.
________ RAM needs to be refreshed less often, which makes it faster.
a) SRAM
b) DRAM
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
a) SRAM

Question 97.
RAM is more expensive.
a) SRAM
b) DRAM
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
a) SRAM

Question 98.
_________ memory in a computer with pre-recorded data at manufacturing time which cannot be modified.
a) ROM
b) EPROM
c) RAM
d) CD-ROM
Answer:
a) ROM

Question 99.
The stored programs that start the computer and perform diagnostics are available in_________
a) ROM
c) RAM
b) EPROM
d) CD-ROM
Answer:
a) ROM

Question 100.
________ stores critical programs such as the program that boots the computer.
a) ROM
b) EPROM
c) RAM
d) CD-ROM
Answer:
a) ROM

Question 101.
________ retains its contents even when the computer is turned off.
a) ROM
b) RAM
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
a) ROM

Question 102.
____________ is called as a non-volatile memory.
a) ROM
b) RAM
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
a) ROM

Question 103.
____________ is manufactured as a blank memory.
a) ROM
b) PROM
c) both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
b) PROM

Question 104.
____________ is programmed during the manufacturing process itself.
a) ROM
b) EPROM
C) RAM
d) CD-ROM
Answer:
a) ROM

Question 105.
____________ is used to write data to a PROM chip.
a) PROM programmer
b) PROM burner
c) A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
c) A or B

Question 106.
The process of programming a PROM is called ____________ the PROM.
a) writing
b) storing
c) recording
d) burning
Answer:
d) burning

Question 107.
____________ serves as a PROM, but the content can be erased using ultraviolet rays.
a) EPROM
b) RAM
c) CD-ROM
d) None of these
Answer:
a) EPROM

Question 108.
____________ retains its contents until it is exposed to ultraviolet light.
a) EPROM
b) RAM
c) CD-ROM
d) None of these
Answer:
a) EPROM

Question 109.
____________ is a special type of PROM that can be erased by exposing it to an electrical charge.
a) EPROM
b) RAM
c) EEPROM
d) None of these
Answer:
c) EEPROM

Question 110.
Comparing with all other types of ROM, ____________ is slower in performance.
a) EPROM
b) RAM
c) EEPROM
d) None of these
Answer:
c) EEPROM

Question 111.
The ____________ memory is a very high speed.
a) EPROM
b) RAM
c) EEPROM
d) Cache
Answer:
d) Cache

Question 112.
The ____________ memory is an expensive memory.
a) EPROM
b) RAM
c) EEPROM
d) Cache
Answer:
d) Cache

Question 113.
____________ memory is used to speed up the memory retrieval process.
a) ROM
b) RAM
c) DVD
d) Cache
Answer:
d) Cache

Question 114.
____________ memory helps to achieve the fast response time.
a) ROM
b) RAM
c) DVD
d) Cache
Answer:
d) Cache

Question 115.
____________ refers to how quickly the memory can respond to a read/write request.
a) Access time
b) Fetch time
c) Execute time
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Access time

Question 116.
____________ memory is expensive and volatile.
a) Main memory
b) Secondary memory
c) Axillary memory
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Main memory

Question 117.
To store data and programs permanently, ____________ devices are used.
a) Main memory
b) Secondary storage
c) ROM
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Secondary storage

Question 118.
____________ devices serve as a supportive storage to main memory.
a) ROM
b) Secondary storage
c) printing
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Secondary storage

Question 119.
devices are non-volatile in nature.
a) Main memory
b) Secondary storage
c) Cache memory
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Secondary storage

Question 120.
_____________ device is also called Backup storage.
a) Main memory
b) Secondary storage
c) Cache memory
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Secondary storage

Question 121.
_________ is a magnetic disk on which you can store data.
a) Hard disk
b) CD-ROM
c) RAM
d) All the above
Answer:
a) Hard disk

Question 122.
The _______________ has the stacked arrangement of disks accessed by a pair of heads for each of the disks.
a) Hard disk
b) CD-ROM
c) RAM
d) All the above
Answer:
a) Hard disk

Question 123.
The_________ come with a single or double
sided disk.
a) Hard disk
c) RAM
Answer:
a) Hard disk

Question 124.
CD-ROM is made from_________ millimeters thick, polycarbonate plastic material.
a) 1.2
b) 1.4
c) 0.2
d) None of these
Answer:
a) 1.2

Question 125.
CD data is represented as tiny indentations known as _________ .
a) pixels
b) bits
c) block
d) pics
Answer:
d) pics

Question 126.
The areas between pits are known as_________
a) fields
b) rings
c) blocks
d) lands
Answer:
d) lands

Question 127.
The capacity of an ordinary CD – ROM is _________MB.
a) 720
b) 700
c) 320
d) 640
Answer:
b) 700

Question 128.
DVDstands for _________
a) Digital Versatile Disc
b) Digital Video Disc
c) Digital Virtual Disc
d) Either A or B
Answer:
a) Digital Versatile Disc

Question 129.
_________are often used to store movies at a better quality.
a) Hard disk
b) DVD
c) Floppy
d) All the above
Answer:
b) DVD

Question 130.
_________are read with a laser.
a) CD
b) DVD
c) RAM
d) both A and B
Answer:
d) both A and B

Question 131.
The DVD can have _________of data per side.
a) one or two sides
b) one or two layers
c) both A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
c) both A or B

Question 132.
The _________ determines how much it can hold in a DVD.
a) number of sides
b) layers
c) number of sides and layers
d) None of these
Answer:
c) number of sides and layers

Question 133.
A12 cm diameter DVD with single sided, single layer has_________GB capacity.
a) 4.7
b) 8.5
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
a) 4.7

Question 134.
A 12 cm diameter DVD with single sided, double layer has _________GB capacity.
a) 4.7
b) 8.5
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
b) 8.5

Question 135.
The 8 cm DVD has_________GB capacity.
a) 4.7
b) 8.5
c) 1.5
d) None of these
Answer:
c) 1.5

Question 136.
The capacity of a DVD-ROM can be visually determined by noting the number of _________of the disc.
a) data sides
b) concentric rings
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
a) data sides

Question 137.
DVDs with Double-layered sides are usually_________coloured.
a) silver
b) gray
c) blue
d) gold
Answer:
d) gold

Question 138.
DVDs with Single-layered sides are usually_________coloured.
a) silver
b) gray
c) blue
d) gold
Answer:
a) silver

Question 139.
_________memory is an electronic nonvolatile computer storage medium that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed.
a) RAM
b) ROM
c) Flash
d) DVD
Answer:
c) Flash

Question 140.
Flash memory is_________
a) EEPROM
b) EPROM
c) Either EEPROM or EPROM
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Either EEPROM or EPROM

Question 141.
Example for Flash memory is_________
a) pen drives
b) memory cards
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Both A and B

Question 142.
Flash memories can be used in _________
a) Personal Computers and Personal Digital Assistants (PDA)
b) digital audio players and digital cameras
c) mobile phones
d) All the above
Answer:
d) All the above

Question 143.
Flash memory offers fast _________
a) access time
b) evaluation time
c) completion time
d) None of these
Answer:
a) access time

Question 144.
The time taken to read or write a character in memory is called_________
a) access time
b) evaluation time
c) completion time
d) None of these
Answer:
a) access time

Question 145.
The capacity of the flash memories vary from_________
a) 1GB to 2 TB
b) 1 GB to 4 TB
c) 1 MB to 2 MB
d) 1 MB to 2 GB
Answer:
a) 1GB to 2 TB

Question 146.
_________disc is a high-density optical disc similar to DVD.
a) Hard
b) Floppy
c) Blu-Ray
d) All the above
Answer:
c) Blu-Ray

Question 147.
Blu-Ray is the type of disc used for _________
a) Play Station games
b) Playing High-Definition (HD) movies.
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Both A and B

Question 148.
A double-layer Blu-Ray disc can store up to _________ GB of data.
a) 150
b) 50
c) 100
d) 5
Answer:
b) 50

Question 149.
A double-layer Blu-Ray disc can store more than_________ times the capacity of a DVD.
a) 5
b) 15
c) 70
d) 72
Answer:
a) 5

Question 150.
A double-layer Blu-ray disc can store more than_________ times the capacity of a CD.
a) 5
b) 15
c) 70
d) 72
Answer:
c) 70

Question 151.
The Blu-Ray disc format was developed to_________ enable of high-definition video.
a) recording
b) rewriting
c) playback
d) All the above
Answer:
d) All the above

Question 152.
The _________ format was developed for storing a large amount of data.
a) Bly-Ray disc
b) Flash memory
c) CD
d) All the above
Answer:
a) Bly-Ray disc

Question 153.
_________ uses a red laser to read and write data.
a) Blu-Ray disc
b) Flash memory
c) DVD
d) None of these
Answer:
c) DVD

Question 154.
_________ uses a blue-violet laser to write.
a) Blu-Ray disc
b) Flash memory
c) DVD
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Blu-Ray disc

Question 155.
The external devices can be connected to the_________
a) ports
b) interfaces
c) ports and interfaces
d) None of these
Answer:
c) ports and interfaces

Question 156.
_________ is used to connect the external devices, found in old computers.
a) Serial port
b) USB port
c) Parallel port
d) Either A or B or C
Answer:
a) Serial port

Question 157.
_________ is used to connect the printers, found in old computers.
a) Serial port
b) USB port
c) Parallel port
d) Either A or B or C
Answer:
c) Parallel port

Question 158.
_________ is used to connect external devices like cameras, scanners, mobile phones, external hard disks, and printers to the computer.
a) Serial port
b) USB port
c) Parallel port
d) Either A or B or C
Answer:
b) USB port

Question 159.
USB means _________
a) Universal Serial Bus
b) Unique Serial Bus
c) Universal Serial Board
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Universal Serial Bus

Question 160.
_________ is the third major version of the Universal Serial Bus stadium.
a) USB 0.3
b) USB 3.0
c) USB 3.3
d) USB 0.33
Answer:
b) USB 3.0

Question 161.
USB 3.0 can transfer data up to _________ Giga byte/second.
a) 3
b) 3.5
c) 5.3
d) 5
Answer:
d) 5

Question 162.
Recently released USB version is _________
a) USB 3.1
b) USB 3.2
c) USB 3.3
d) Both A and B
Answer:
d) Both A and B

Question 163.
_________ is used to connect a monitor or any display device like an LCD projector.
a) GVA Connector
b) AGV connector
c) VGA Connector
d) None of these
Answer:
c) VGA Connector

Question 164.
_________ is used to connect sound speakers, microphone and headphones.
a) VGA connector
b) Audio Plugs
c) SCSI port
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Audio Plugs

Question 165.
_________ is used to connect mouse and keyboard to PC.
a) VGA connector
b) Audio Plugs
c) SCSI port
d) PS/2 Port
Answer:
d) PS/2 Port

Question 166.
_________ is used to connect the hard disk drives and network connectors,
a) VGA connector
b) Audio Plugs
c) SCSI port
d) PS/2 Port
Answer:
c) SCSI port

Question 167.
HDMI means _________
a) High Definition Multimedia Interleave
b) High Definition Multipurpose Interface
c) High Definition Multitech Interface
d) High Definition Multimedia Interface
Answer:
d) High Definition Multimedia Interface

Question 168.
___________ is an audio/videc interface.
a) HDMI
b) VGA connector
c) SCSI port
d) None of these
Answer:
a) HDMI

Question 169.
_________ transfers the uncompressed video and audio data from a video controller, to a compatible computer monitor, LCD projector, digital television etc.
a) HDMI
b) VGA connector
c) SCSI port
d) None of these
Answer:
a) HDMI

Question 170.
___________ is an American multinational corporation and technology company involving in hardware manufacturing, especially motherboard and processors.
a) Microsoft
b) Intel Corporation
c) Sun Micro System
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Intel Corporation

Question 171.
_______ means moving data from one component to another.
a) Data transfer
b) Data migration
c) Data Mitigation
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Data transfer

Question 172.
Match the following:
A. Logical operator – 1. Motherboard
B. Computer Hardware – 2. Speaker
C. Catch memory – 3. NOT
D. Output device – 4. High Speed
a) 1, 2, 3, 4
b) 3, 1, 4, 2
c) 4, 2, 1, 2
d) 3, 1, 2, 4
Answer:
b) 3, 1, 4, 2

Part II

Short Answers

Question 1.
Which is the first commercial microprocessor?
Answer:
Intel 4004 is a 4-bit processor.

Question 2.
Write a note on computer architecture.
Answer:
Computer architecture deals with the engineering considerations involved in designing a computer.

Question 3.
What is Program counter?
Answer:
Program counter is a special Register in the CPU which always keeps the address of the next instruction to be executed.

Question 4.
What is "bass"?
Answer:
Sound waves close to 20 Hz have a low pitch and are called "bass" frequencies.

Question 5.
What is the use of cache memory?
Answer:

1. Cache memory is a very high-speed and expensive memory.
2. It is used to speed up the memory retrieval process.
3. Cache memory comes in a smaller size.

Question 6.
Write a note on Hertz.
Answer:
The hertz can be used to measure wave frequencies. It is also used to measure the speed of computer processors.

Question 7.
Write notes on Blu-Ray Disc.
Answer:

1. Blu – Ray Disc is a high-density optical disc used for PlayStation games and HD movies.
2. A double-layer Blu-ray disc can store up to 50 GB of data.
3. Blu – Ray disc uses a blue-violet laser to write data.

Question 8.
What is clock speed? How it is measured?
Answer:
The speed at which the microprocessor executes instructions is called the clock speed. Clock speed is measured in MHz.

Question 9.
What is meant by word size?
Answer:

1. The number of hits that can be processed by a processor in a single instruction is called its Word Size.
2. Word size determines the amount of RAM that can be accessed by a microprocessor at one time and the total number of pins on the microprocessor.

Question 10.
What is an instruction set?
Answer:
A basic set of machine-level instructions that a microprocessor is designed to execute is called an instruction set.

Question 11.
What is Cache Memory?
Answer:
The cache memory is a very high-speed and expensive memory, which is used to speed up the memory retrieval process.

Question 12.
Define Word Size.
Answer:
The number of bits that can be processed by a processor in a single instruction is called its word size.

Question 13.
What are the main units of a microprocessor.
Answer:
The three major units of a microprocessor are:

1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): To perform arithmetic and logical instructions.
2. Control Unit (CU): To control the overall operation of the computer through signals.
3. Registers (Internal Memory): They are used to hold the data and instruction for the execution of the processor.

Question 14.
What is the function of the Memory Data Register?
Answer:
The Memory Data Register (MDR) keeps the data which is transferred between the memory and the CPU.

Question 15.
Mention the criteria on which microprocessors are classified.
Answer:
Microprocessors are classified based on the following criteria:

1. The width of the data that can be processed.
2. The instruction set.

Question 16.
What is a bus?
Answer:
A bus is a collection of wires used for communication between the internal components of a computer.

Question 17.
What is CISC?
Answer:
CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computers. They support hundreds of instructions. It is ideal for personal computers. Example Intel 386486, Pentium, Pentium II and III, Motorola 68000.

Question 18.
What is the function of the decoder?
Answer:
It is a digital circuit that is used to point to the specific memory location where the word can be located.

Question 19.
What is the function of a data bus?
Answer:
A data bus is used to transfer data between the memory and the CPU. The data bus is bidirectional.

Question 20.
Write notes on secondary storage devices.
Answer:
To store data and programs permanently, secondary storage devices are used. Secondary storage devices serve as supportive storage to main memory and they are non-volatile in nature. Secondary storage is also called backup storage.

Question 21.
Draw diagram to represent Bus connectivity between CPU and Memory..
Answer:
Bus connectivity between CPU and Memory

Question 22.
What is read operation?
Answer:
The read operation transfers the data(bits) from word to Memory Data Register.

Question 23.
What is write operation?
Answer:
The write operation transfers the data (bits) from Memory Data Register to the word.

Question 24.
What are the criteria to classify the microprocessor?
Answer:
Microprocessors can be classified based on the following criteria:

• The width of data that can be processed.
• The instruction set.

Question 25.
What is computer memory?
Answer:
Computer memory is the storage space in the computer, where data and instructions are stored.

Question 26.
What is a silicon chip?
Answer:
A silicon chip is an integrated set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece of semiconductor material, silicon.

Question 27.
What are the types of RAM?
Answer:
RAM types are

1. Static RAM
2. Dynamic RAM

Question 28.
Write note on SRAM.
Answer:
Static RAM needs to be refreshed less often, which makes it faster. Hence, Static RAM is more expensive than Dynamic RAM.

Question 29.
Write note on DRAM.
Answer:
Dynamic RAM being a common type needs to be refreshed frequently. Less expensive than the SRAM.

Question 30.
What programs are stored in ROM?
Answer:
ROM stores critical programs such as the program that boots the computer.

Question 31.
What are the characteristics of ROM?
Answer:
Once the data has been written onto a ROM chip, it cannot be modified or removed and can only be read.
ROM retains its contents even when the computer is turned off.

Question 32.
Write short note on PROM.
Answer:
Programmable read-only memory is also a non-volatile memory on which data can be written only once. Once a program has been written onto a PROM, it remains there forever.

Question 33.
What is the difference between ROM and PROM?
Answer:
PROM is manufactured as blank memory, whereas a ROM is programmed during the manufacturing process itself.

Question 34.
What is the use of the PROM burner?
Answer:
A PROM programmer or a PROM burner is used to write data to a PROM chip.

Question 35.
What do you mean by burning the PROM?
Answer:
The process of programming a PROM is called burning the PROM.

Question 35.
Write a note on EPROM.
Answer:
Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory is a special type of memory which serves as a PROM, but the content can be erased using ultraviolet rays. EPROM retains its contents until it is exposed to ultraviolet light. The ultraviolet light clears its contents, making it possible to reprogram the memory.

Question 36.
Write note on EEPROM.
Answer:
Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory is a special type of PROM that can be erased by exposing it to an electrical charge. EEPROM is slower in performance.

Question 37.
Write about cache memory.
Answer:
The cache memory is a very high-speed and expensive memory, which is used to speed up the memory retrieval process.

Question 38.
What is access time?
Answer:
It refers to how quickly the memory can respond to a read/write request.

Question 39.
Draw a diagram to indicate the arrangement of cache memory between the CPU and the main memory.
Answer:
Cache Memory Arrangement

Question 40.
What is the purpose of using secondary storage devices?
Answer:
To store data and programs permanently, secondary storage devices are used.

Question 41.
Write about Hard disk.
Answer:
Hard disk is a magnetic disk on which you can store data. The hard disk has the stacked arrangement of disks accessed by a pair of heads for each of the disks. The hard disks come with a single or double-sided disk.

Question 42.
Write note on serial port.
Answer:
Serial Port : To connect the external devices, found in old computers.

Question 43.
Write note on parallel port.
Answer:
Parallel Port: To connect the printers, found in old computers.

Question 44.
Write note on VGA Connector.
Answer:
VGA Connector: To connect a monitor or any display device like an LCD projector.

Question 45.
Write about Audio Plugs.
Answer:
Audio Plugs: To connect sound speakers, microphones, and headphones.

Question 46.
Write about PS/2 port.
Answer:
PS/2 Port: To connect mouse and keyboard to PC.

Question 47.
Write about SCSI port.
Answer:
SCSI Port: To connect the hard disk drives and network connectors.

Question 48.
Justify the name of the Blu-Ray disc.
Answer:
Blu-ray uses a blue-violet laser to write. Hence, it is called as Blu-Ray.

Question 49.
How external devices are connected to the CPU?
Answer:
The external devices can be connected to the ports and interfaces.

Part III

Explain in brief.

Question 1.
What is memory?
Answer:
A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and instructions. Computer memory is the storage space in the computer, where data and instructions are stored.

Question 2.
Explain how Microprocessors interconnecting with other devices.
Answer:
The microprocessor is able to communicate with the memory units and the Input / Output devices as shown in the following Figure.

The system bus is a bunch of wires which is the collection of the address bus, data bus, and control bus that serves as communication channels between the Microprocessor and other devices.

Question 3.
Draw a diagram to represent the content of MDR and the word after the READ operation.
Answer:

Question 4.
What is a control unit?
Answer:
Control unit: To control the overall operations of the computer through signals.

Question 5.
Write a note on Main Memory.
Answer:
The main memory is otherwise called as Random Access Memory. This is available in computers in the form of Integrated Circuits (ICs). It is the place in a computer where the Operating System, Application Programs and the data in current use are kept temporarily so that they can be accessed by the computer's processor.

RAM is a volatile memory, which means that the information stored in it is not permanent. As soon as the power is turned off, whatever data that resides in RAM is lost. It allows both read and write operations.

Question 6.
Compare Bit and Byte.
Answer:
Bit:
The smallest unit of information that can be stored in the memory is called as a bit. 0 or 1 represents a bit. Bit stands for Binary Digit.

Byte;
The memory can be accessed by a collection of 8 bits which is called as a byte.

Question 7.
What is the impact of cache memory?
Answer:
Without cache memory, every time the CPU requests the data, it has to be fetched from the main memory which will consume more time. The idea of Introducing a cache is that, this extremely fast memory would store data that is frequently accessed and if possible, the data that is closer to it. This helps to achieve a fast response time.

Question 8.
Write about the USB port.
Answer:
USB Ports: To connect external devices like cameras, scanners, mobile phones, external hard disks, and printers to the computer.

USB 3.0 is the third major version of the Universal Serial Bus (USB) standard to connect computers with other electronic gadgets. USB 3.0 can transfer data up to 5 Gigabytes/second.
USB 3.1 and USB 3.2 are also released.

Question 9.
Explain about HDMX.
Answer:
High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI)
High-Definition Multimedia Interface is an audio/ video interface which transfers the uncompressed video and audio data from a video controller to a compatible computer monitor, LCD projector, digital television, etc.

Question 10.
Draw the diagram of Ports and Interfaces.
Answer:

Part IV

Explain in detail

Question 1.
Explain the ports and interfaces.
Answer:
Ports and Interfaces: The Motherboard of a computer has many I/O sockets that are connected to the ports and interfaces found on the rear side of a computer. The external devices can be connected to the ports and interfaces. The various types of ports are given below:

Serial Port: To connect the external devices, found in old computers.

Parallel Port: To connect the printers, found in old computers.

USB Ports: To connect external devices like cameras, scanners, mobile phones, external, hard disks and printers to the computer. USB 3.0 is the third major version of the Universal Serial Bus (USB) standard to connect computers with other electronic gadgets. USB 3.0 can transfer data up to 5 Gigabytes/second. USB 3.1 and USB 3.2 are also released.

SCSI Port: To connect the hard disk drives and network connectors.

VGA Connector: To connect a monitor or any display device like an LCD projector.

Audio plugs: To connect sound speakers, microphone, and headphones

PS/2 Port: To connect mouse and keyboard to PC.

High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI): High Definition Multimedia Interface is an audio/video interface which transfers the uncompressed video and audio data from a video controller to a compatible computer monitor, LCD projector, digital television.

Question 2.
Explain Flash memory in detail.
Answer:
Flash memory is an electronic (solid-state) non-volatile computer storage medium that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. They are either EEPROM or EPROM. Examples for Flash memories are pendrives, memory cards etc.

Flash memories can be used in personal computers, Personal Digital Assistants (PDA), digital audio players, digital cameras and mobile phones. Flash memory offers fast access times.
The time taken to read or write a character in memory is called access time. The capacity of the flash memories vary from 1 Gigabytes (GB) to 2 Terabytes (TB).

Question 3.
Explain various types of microprocessors.
Answer:
Microprocessors can be classified based on the following criteria:

1. The width of data that can be processed
2. The instruction set

Classification of Microprocessors based on the Data Width
Depending on the data width, microprocessors can process instructions. The microprocessors can be classified as follows:

1. 8-bit microprocessor
2. 16-bit microprocessor
3. 32-bit microprocessor
4. 64-bit microprocessor

Classification of Microprocessors based on Instruction Set:
The size of the instruction set is another important consideration while categorizing microprocessors. Initially, microprocessors had very small instruction sets because complex hardware was expensive as well as difficult to build. As technology had developed to overcome these issues, more and more complex instructions were added to increase the functionality of microprocessors. Let us learn more about the two types of microprocessors based on their instruction sets.

Reduced Instruction Set Computers (RISC):
RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computers. They have a small set of highly optimized instructions. Complex instructions are also implemented using simple instructions, thus reducing the size of the instruction set.
Examples of RISC processors are Pentium IV, Intel P6, AMD K6, and K7.

Complex Instruction Set Computers (CISC):
CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computers. They support hundreds of instructions. Computers supporting CISC can accomplish a wide variety of tasks, making them ideal for personal computers.
Examples of CISC processors are Intel 386 & 486, Pentium, Pentium II and III, and Motorola 68000.

Computer Organization and Architecture Edition 11th Chapter 11 Answer

Source: https://samacheerkalvi.guide/samacheer-kalvi-11th-computer-science-guide-chapter-3/

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